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Dutch RAF/FAA Aviators At Odds With Their Government

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This was a work in progress when Rob was finally forced to stop work owing to his illness.

1. Introduction

More than a few of the Dutch RAF aviators have complained about their Government in exile in London. The general complaint is that the Government failed to realize what War against the Germans was all about. The Government is said to have remained in a pre-War paperwork world, with little adjustment to the urgencies of the time. The Government was felt to consist of 'koekebakkers', as expressed by Govert Steen, or 'krentenkakkers', as expressed by Jan Plesman.

In this study we shall not try to map this dissatisfaction in a thorough and systematic way. We shall only present a few cases.

The families of the Dutch RAF aviators who were lost have had trouble with the Government too. There was little or no Government support for families who had lost their keeper. Communications could have been better too. Families that requested data about their lost ones, were served with seemingly positive and powerful answers: 'as soon as we receive information, we shall inform you without delay'. Information that never came, as the Dutch Government sat back and waited for the British to come up with results of jobs that the Dutch Government could have done itself.

Being abroad for a number of years could lead to loss of Dutch citizenship. This has happened to some of those who were forced by the Germans to work outside of Holland.

Ch. Sanders, 'Ooggetuigen van de Tweede Wereldoorlog', Deel 1, Schelluinen, 2008

Perhaps this is an explanation for the number of casualties of the Arbeitseinsatz that remain unregistered. Author did not investigate the question if loss of Dutch citizenship has happened to Dutch RAF/FAA aviators too. Meanwhile, the number of the survivors who emigrated is substantial. Holland may have had become too small, perhaps even too narrow-minded, for those who had lived abroad during the War years.

2. Cases

1. Huug Burgerhout – the risk allowance issue

Rob Venema, 15/3/2006:

Misschien ben je ook wel op de hoogte dat de NL leiding in London in 1944 na 6 juni besloot om de gevarentoelage voor de luchtvarenden af te schaffen daar de leiding vond nu de invasie was ingezet de risico's veel kleiner waren om bijv. afgeschoten te worden. Tegelijkertijd vond de leiding in London dat zij meer risico's liepen om wat te overkomen daar er nu V-1's op Engeland werden gestuurd. 'Zij' verhoogden daarom hun toelage. Huug Burgerhout kwam in opstand tegen de maatregel van afschaffing en besloot dat als de maatregel niet ingetrokken zou worden, 320 dan niet meer zou vliegen...

2. Govert Steen – honour issues

1. The word of honour issue

2. The false identity issue

3. The reward issue

3. Many – the rank issue

In the 2nd edition of 320 Squadron RAF Memorial 1940-1945 Jan Kloos added the following text, reproduced here with his kind permission

Source: J.P. Kloos, 2/10/2006

The text was written by one of the 320 Sqn airgunners, but Jan Kloos does not remember who. It expresses the trouble encountered by the men that were, unlike their British counterparts, not promoted to officers. This trouble is not about money, but about the ability to function, and about safety when captured by the enemy. That makes this trouble a relevant issue.

Manschappen oogpunt

Na de Slag om Engeland waren er maar zeer weinig verouderde bommenwerpers over die het tegen veel modernere toestellen opnemen moesten. R.A.F. vliegtuigbemanningen werden toen minstens Sergeant. Dit personeel werd dusdanig bevoorrecht: eigen verblijven, lakens op hun bedden, deden geen andere diensten zoals wachtlopen. Voor of na een lange vlucht naar vijandelijk gebied kregen zij in hun verblijven een vliegmaaltijd aangeboden. Bijna alle leden van het 320e Squadron werden hiervan uitgesloten daat de meeste van onze piloten maar Korporaal-vlieger, of Korporaal-vliegtuigmaker of Kwartiermeester met vlieger brevet waren; de telegrafisten en luchtschutters waren in de stand van Matroos 1e, 2e of 3e kl. Deze mensen mochten dus niet in de verblijven komen van de andere vliegtuigbemanningen! Deze hadden slechts een mok, mes, lepel en vork! Na en voor een vlucht werden de meesten van ons ingedeeld bij de Schipper voor corvée werk. Dikwijls gebeurde het dat we ergens WC of slaapzalen aan het dweilen waren en da we gewaarschuwd werden om in de 'Ops-room' te komen. Als nu zo iets om 10 u. gebeurde en er moest een vlucht naar Noorwegen gemaakt worden of konvooi-bescherming of een ander soort vlucht, van zo 4½ à 5 u. vliegen, dan moest de telegrafist zijn gegevens ophalen, daarna moest hij naar de duiven-houder een paar duiven ophalen voor geval men in het water terecht kwam: de duif kreeg dan een bericht onder zijn vleugel of aan zijn poot om te laten weten waar je ergens terecht was gekomen in de hoop dat de duif op de juiste plaats zou aankomen! De luchtschutter moest naar de foto-dienst en ging een groot en nogal zwaar fototoestel ophalen; met deze gevallen moesten we dan naar de kist lopen, meestal verweg op het veld, dan was het bijna 12 u. voor het vliegtuig de lucht inging. Als men dan na 4 of 4½ u. terug kwam en de spullen: parachute, duiven, fototoestel, enz... weer op hun bestemde plaatsen waren, en gedebriefed, was het ongeveer 6 u. De mensen beneden de rang van Sergeant, en dat waren wij bijna allemaal, misten dan hun middag en avond maaltijd. Officieren en onderofficieren gingen naar hun mess, maar de airmen's mess voor de korporaals en manschappen was dan gesloten en moest men maar het dorp inlopen en voor 6 of 9 pennies wat chips gaan halen: maar met een salaris van 3 of 4 pond per maand was dat dikwijls ook een hele opgave! De R.A.F. had een zeer goed wacht systeem, maar zeiden de Hollanders, wij gaan er nog en wacht aan toevoegen (!). Zo kwam het dat 's-nachts een korporaal-vlieger met een luchtschutter of vliegtuigtelegrafist de platvoet, eerste wacht, honde-wacht of dagwacht moesten uitzitten in een gebouwtje dat de R.A.F. ter beschikking stelde.

Het ergste was doordat we geen onderofficier waren, ook niet in het onderofficieren-verblijf mochten komen, zo ook verloren we alle gunsten welke door de R.A.F. aan aircrews ter beschikking waren gesteld, maar ook kwamen we nooit met de meer ervaren luchtschutters van de R.A.F. in aanraking; zodoende kwamen we ook nooit te weten wat we moesten doen als we aangevallen zouden worden door vijandelijke jagers; ook niet wat er voor afweergeschut op de vijandelijke schepen stond. Dit vond plaats te Leuchars (Scotland) in 1941.

Toen we in 1942 overgeplaatst werden naar Bircham Newton en de vijandelijke konvooien moesten aanvallen langs de Nederlandse kust tezamen met het 407 Squadron van de Canadezen, werden we door hen in de aircrew-mess gehaald: dit dan ook enkel als men operationeel vloog. Als men b.v. een tijd lang operationeel gevlogen had en de crew moest op de e.o.a. manier verdeeld worden zodat er met een nieuwe crew moest worden getrained, dan werd men er door de Hollandse leiding meteen weer uitgeschopt! Toen er ongeveer 40% van de luchtschutters gesneuveld waren, werd er door onze Regering bepaald dat iemand die één jaar operationeel vloog, korporaal zou worden en na 2 jaar Sergeant: dit was in 1943. Aangezien de levensduur maar 3 maanden was (!) en er vele voor deze tijd gesneuveld waren, vonden we het niet leuk dat jongens van 18 of 19 jaar die uit Ceylon kwamen en nog geen schoenveter in gevaar hadden gebracht, meteen vanaf matroos 3e kl., Sergeant werden terwijl onze jongens die steeds de gevaarlijke opdrachten hadden uitgevoerd, werden overgeslagen! Dit vonden wij discriminatie.

Een kollega van mij werd als Marinier 1e kl. als dienstmeid aangesteld in een officiers-gezin (dienstbodes waren toen moeilijk te krijgen); zelf moest ik een keer met nog een paar anderen, als jachthond fungeren. Enkele officieren plus de commandant waren op e.o.a. landgoed nabij Edinburgh uitgenodigd om mee te gaan jagen: wij moesten toen maar door de bossen lopen en kruipen om het wild op te jagen ! De heren stonden aan de buitenkant van het bos de fazanten op te wachten... Maar daar was ik niet voor uit Curacao gekomen ! Mijn opleiding tot luchtschutter kreeg ik van een Marine officier die er totaal niets van wist. Maar als deze man, een man of tien les kon geven, behoefde hij zelf niet te vliegen want dan was hij Hoofd van een opleiding ! Een korporaal-vlieger moest van hem ook steeds deze lessen volgen: maar hij vertelde steeds hetzelfde en de korporaal-vlieger zat bijna te slapen. De officier vroeg hem waarom hij niet meer aandacht aan de les bestede: 'Omdat ik uw lessen zo zouteloos vind' was het antwoord; deze korporaal-vlieger werd opgesloten en kreeg 10 dagen streng arrest maar na 4 dagen werd hij uit de cel gehaald om een oorlogsvlucht uit te voeren aangezien hij een van de beste piloten was ! Bij terugkomst was zijn straf gescholden – een paar maanden later sneuvelde hij...

... De commandant durfde nooit mee te vliegen: hij was goed met zijn duim omhoog bij de startbaan. Hij deed niets voor ons, alleen straffen uitdelen; als je b.v. de korporaal van de Mariniers op de basis niet had gegroet. Hij gaf mij 6 dagen verzwaard op Attlebridge omdat ik zonder uit te boeken van de basis was gegaan – niemand boekte daar uit, er was geen poort, de 'Guard-room' was midden in het kamp ! De commandant en die marinier hadden niet in de gaten dat het oorlog was ! We konden geen promotie maken omdat we geen dienst deden in ons dienstvak: ik was een stoker met het brevet luchtschutter. Sommige jongens vlogen al jaren zonder promotie. Toen kwamen crews uit Amerika, die lui waren allemaal minstens Sergeant zonder één operationele vlucht te hebben gevlogen ! Dat stak natuurlijk. Wij moesten altijd in de rij staan voor het eten in de airmen's mess, en die mensen werden bediend !

Wij moesten een keer met onze Mitchells vanaf Lasham naar Dunsfold om van daaruit met de andere Mitchell-Squadrons een operationele vlucht te maken. 's-Middags zou de briefing zijn: we zouden eerst eten maar er was geen aircrew-mess, wel een airmen's-mess en we hadden geen bestek bij ons. In de mess hadden ze ook geen bestek voorradig: we gingen dus naar de commandant onder leiding van Jan de Vos. de commandant was met de auto van Lasham naar Dunsfold gekomen. We zeiden dat we niet konden eten want er was geen bestek. Hij zei ons terug te gaan naar de mess en de Engelsen die klaar waren te vragen of we hun bestek mochten lenen: die weigerden dat want ze moesten naar de Flight. Toen we weer bij de commandant kwamen zeiden wij dat we geen bestek kregen, daarop zei hij: 'Dan vreet je maar met je handen!'. Jan de Vos antwoordde: 'Dan vlieg jij maar eens voor ons!'. Dus we staakten. De basis commandant, een Group Captain, kwam en vroeg wat er aan de hand was want de vliegtuigen van 320 konden niet starten. We vertelden het hem en hij gaf ons groot gelijk. Hij zou naar London gaan en het geval bespreken. Ik weet niet of we nog gevlogen hebben maar de commandant werd overgeplaatst en wij werden een tijdje daarna bevorderd met terugwerkende kracht...

What the author of the above did not mention, is the safety matter that came with rank, if captured by the enemy. Captured officers were send to Oflags Luft, POW camps where treatment was clearly better than in regular POW camps.

4. Cees Waardenburg – the marriage issue

On 16/9/1941 Engelandvaarder Cees Waardenburg wrote a request to HM Queen Wilhelmina in London, seeking permission to marry Miss M. Salvador of Berkely Road, Bristol. She was carrying his child. Cees was 20 years of age, meaning in those days that he was still a minor, that needed parental permission for a marriage. His parents were in occupied Holland, and therefore out of touch. He received a written notice from the Dutch Minister of Justice in London, with a flat denial of the request. He had to wait until he 'became of age'.

Source: NA 2.09.06-2508

Cees Waardenburg was killed in a Mitchell crash on 30/8/1944. It seems that the Dutch Government had no problem with minors risking their lives and actually dying in Warfare, but displayed the flexibility of oak in matters of life. It seems that the Dutch Government did not recognize that pre-War morals, cemented in legislation, could no longer apply to the young people that were very well aware that they could die within days.

There is more to be said about this. Dutch law did not, and could not, apply in the United Kingdom, with the exception of the terrain of the Dutch Embassy. Cees Waardenburg should have forwarded his request to his Commanding Officer. As others did, later in the War, when in a similar position.

Source: Jan Kloos, email 16/3/2006

The Minister of Justice could have pointed this out to Waardenburg. Cees had no better idea than to go to the top, the Queen, in round one. The Queen delegated the matter, if she ever had any knowledge of it, to the Dutch civil servants in London. And they were doing their thing as if there was no War, and as if they were still in full control over matters as they were in Holland.

5. Jan Plesman – the lodgings issue

6. Willem Melissen – the imprisonment issue

Engelandvaarder W.A.H. Melissen, Cpl. Airgunner in 320 (Dutch) Squadron, had to waste two years in a collection of prisons in Spain, including the infamous Miranda de Ebro concentration camp. He blaimed the Dutch representatives in Spain for this.

Source: NA 2.09.06-12114

His was not an isolated case. In fact, similar complaints were so numerous, that the Dutch investigated the matter shortly after the War. In 1946, the 'Commissie tot onderzoek naar de houding van Nederlandse diplomatieke en consulaire ambtenaren tegenover Nederlandse uitgewekenen', for short the Commissie-Cleveringa, was installed with the task to reasearch the issue. The Commission, 1946-1950, produced four reports, three about France, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal, and one about Mr B.Ph. Baron van Harinxma thoe Slooten, who was in charge of Dutch fugitive matters in Lisbon, Portugal. The report results produce mixed feelings. Some of the officials who were investigated had delivered an admirable job under difficult circumstances. That included running first class departments for forging the all-important travel documents. Other representatives of The Netherlands should have performed a lot better, with much more feeling for the needs of the fugitives, and with much more inventiveness in dealing with the local authorities.

Source: NA 2.05.48.02

In 2004 Ruud Yap produced a doctoral thesis, VU Amsterdam, about imprisonment of Dutch evadees in Miranda de Ebro concentration camp. Author has not yet managed to obtain a copy of this work, but the title is telling: 'En verder hoorden we niets...'

7. Wim Rieter – the desertion issue

Wim Rieter was keenly interested in aircraft. He went to London to study aeronautics. He was called back to Holland, because of the mobilization in 1939. In ways that cannot be retraced, it was decided that he should serve in the Army. He produced a pile of paperwork, seeking transfer to the Dutch Airforce. To no avail. Then it was discovered that he, as a result of living in the UK prior to a certain date, was entitled to end his service and return to the UK. This he did. Shortly afterwards War broke out. He applied several times for service with the Dutch Air forces in exile in England. No response. Then he applied for service with the RAF, eager to give his contribution to the War effort. He was instantly accepted by the RAF.

This, finally, made him of interest to both the Dutch Ministeries of Defence and Justice in exile in London. He had forgotten to ask the Dutch Queen for permission to join a foreign service, and that was taken very seriously. It was felt to border on desertion.

The usual pile of paperwork followed. Finally the matter was resolved. Wim Rieter could remain in the RAF, after formal excuses to the Ministers, for the duration of the War only, and with the blessing in writing from the Queen.

Source: Louis Rieter, via St.M.Vl.P. 39-50

We wonder if HM the Queen has really been involved in such petty matters, or if she was involved, and has prevented worse things from happening to poor Wim Rieter. We did not bother to dig it all up from the archives.

After all that, Wim Rieter could finally do what he wanted to do, fly against the enemy. But already in early 1942 his young life ended, when his bomber crashed and burned after engine trouble close to base. His persistence and finally his sacrifice has not been acknowledged in the shape of a Dutch decoration known to us. He was and remained buried, as the only service casualty of War, in the Roman Catholic section of the vast Brookwood necropolis in Surrey, GB. His grave is a very lonely one.

8. The perennial money issue

1. Financial assistance for Engelandvaarders claimed back

Money is always a key issue with the Dutch. Many Engelandvaarders received some travel and survival money from the Dutch representation in the countries along the evasion paths, when their journey proved to be so long that they ran out of their own money. These sums were advances, that had to be paid back after the War. The Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs had a 'Bureau Invordering' with the task to get these sums back. The advances were dismissed as claims if the evadee received the status of Engelandvaarder. That unfortunately made the reception of this status not merely a matter of honour, but also a financial issue.

And that unfortunately led to more disgrace. Off Zwnr 3kl KMR Th.J.M. Gruter had travelled by ship from Holland to Germany, Denmark and Sweden, before finding passage to England. The Dutch authorities in London called this a 'safe route', and Mr Gruter was not recognized as an Engelandvaarder. Mr. Gruter's exploits were such that he became very highly decorated: ON.4x, VK, OHK.1, VHK, OV.4. All in the service of his country. We note that Denmark was occupied by the Germans, which leads to the status of Engelandvaarder under the prevailing definition.

With thanks to Rob Venema, 15/3/2006

2. Bank savings 'rescued'

On the other hand, the Dutch Government confiscated the savings of Dutchmen in banks in the Dutch East Indies. So as to rescue these funds from the advancing attacker from Japan. The savings turned out to be not safe in the bank, when the Government kicked in. The action can be justified with ease, but the funds were never seen again by their rightful owners. Any post-War claims had to be substantiated with paper proof, that was conveniently destroyed either by the Dutch Government when clearing out the banks, or by the money owners Wartime condition of imprisonment in a Jappenkamp. The amount of money that was 'rescued' in this way is unknown to author. The sum must have been very sizeable indeed, and it evaporated no doubt in the War effort. It was about a million Dutch guilders in the case of author's grandfather-in-law, once a secretary to the Resident, the man at the top of the Dutch Government in the Dutch East Indies. My grandfather-in-law came out of the Jappenkamp with his life, nothing else. His fortune, accumulated through labour and clever investments in real estate, had evaporated, and the ones who saw to that closed this section of history most effectively with the demand for paper proof, which was known to exist no longer. Note the similarity with the treatment of Govert Steen's parents, when they informed about Govert's reward promised for returning to Her Majesty a Dutch war plane previously confiscated by the Germans.

This is not, as far as known, a Dutch RAF aviator issue, but it gives a sharp perspective to the dissatisfaction of many with some aspects of the conduct of the Dutch Government in Wartime.

3. The ZKH Prins Bernhard way

ZKH Prins Bernhard wanted to have nothing to do with all that. Early in the War, he erected the private Prins Bernhard Fonds, with the aim to buy War materials for the Allied, and therefore also the Dutch, War effort. Amongst many other materials, the Fonds provided for the purchase of a hundred Spitfires. The Fonds still exists today, now with funding cultural matters as its goal, and still without any Government involvement. As per his wish, and he had his reasons.

9. The families – the serviceman missing-in-action issue

The Dutch Government did not undertake any steps that can be traced in literature or the relevant archives today, to try to find back its servicemen who went missing-in-action. This was conveniently left to the US and most of all the British Grave Services, notably the Missing Research and Enquiry Service. The Dutch Government could have acted on its own steam, or in cooperation with the Allies, but they did not. See the next chapter for more details about this issue. After the War, the Government was too busy with rebuilding the country to bother about men missing for some reason in some place abroad or at sea. The families of the missing ones, and the collegues of these aviators, may have accepted Government statements about the unavailability of information about the fates of the loved ones or collegues. The distance between Government and the people was far greater in those days. Families more readily accepted such statements as compared to Dutch RAF aviation collegues, who may have had opportunity to develop a certain scepticism when it comes to statements and actions produced by their Government. For many of the Dutch Wartime aviators, this scepticism was one of the reasons to say goodbye to Holland forever.

And then there was the matter of the Dutchmen that were 'wrong' in the War. A lot of energy went into bringing such persons to justice. As G.G.J. Boink, Medewerker Onderzoek of the Nationaal Archief in The Hague expressed it in a conversation dated 14/3/2006: 'We have loads of material about the Wartime bad guys, and little about the heros'. Author can add that there is virtually nothing in the relevant Dutch archives about the Dutch RAF aviators who went missing-in-action.


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